Factors related to cervical cancer in developing countries such as Pakistan

Abstract

Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in developing countries, including Pakistan. Various factors contribute to its high incidence and mortality, primarily related to lack of awareness, limited access to healthcare services, and the prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In Pakistan, the absence of a robust screening and vaccination program, coupled with socio-cultural factors such as limited education and healthcare accessibility, exacerbates the situation. HPV, which is the primary etiological agent for cervical cancer, is widespread in the country, with many women being diagnosed at advanced stages due to late presentation. The lack of early screening programs, like the Pap smear test, and low uptake of HPV vaccination further contribute to the disease burden. Additionally, poverty, low health literacy, and a lack of awareness about preventive measures, such as regular gynecological check-ups, significantly hinder early detection and treatment. Rural-urban disparities in healthcare infrastructure and societal stigma surrounding women’s health issues also play a crucial role in the delayed diagnosis. In light of these challenges, efforts to reduce cervical cancer rates in Pakistan require comprehensive interventions, including increasing public awareness, enhancing access to screening and vaccination services, and improving the quality of healthcare. Addressing these socio-economic and cultural barriers is crucial for the successful implementation of prevention and control measures, ultimately reducing cervical cancer mortality in the region.