Multidisciplinary Journal of Healthcare (MJH)
Multidisciplinary Journal of Healthcare (MJH) invites scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse fields to submit their original research, reviews, case studies, and perspectives for publication in our esteemed multidisciplinary journal.MJH is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and understanding in all areas of medicine and healthcare. We provide a platform for the dissemination of high-quality research that contributes to the improvement of healthcare practices, policies, and outcomes.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access. Articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Frequency of acute otitis media and it's relationship to allergic rhinitis
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infections in children worldwide and is a major reason for healthcare visits and antibiotic prescriptions. Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of acute otitis media peaks during early childhood, with up to 30% of infants experiencing recurrent episodes by age three. Various risk factors have been identified in the development of AOM, with allergic rhinitis gaining attention due to its shared immunological issues affecting the nasopharynx. Allergic rhinitis is characterized by inflammation of the upper airway, which leads to swelling and obstruction of the Eustachian tube. This obstruction can cause negative pressure in the middle ear, hinder ventilation, and lead to fluid accumulation—all of which increase the risk of developing AOM. Clinical and immunological studies indicate that children with allergic rhinitis have a higher incidence of otitis media compared to those without allergies, suggesting a significant link between upper airway inflammation and middle ear disease. The presence of allergic inflammation can make children more susceptible to AOM by altering local defense mechanisms, encouraging bacterial colonization, and increasing mucosal secretions. Furthermore, prospective cohort studies reveal that allergic sensitization in infancy is associated with a higher risk of recurrent AOM and otitis media with effusion. Additionally, seasonal peaks in allergic symptoms often coincide with increased rates of AOM, reinforcing the idea that a common inflammatory trigger may be at play. Understanding the relationship between allergic rhinitis and acute otitis media is important clinically, as effectively managing allergic conditions may reduce the incidence of otitis media and its complications. Future research should aim to clarify the immune pathways linking allergic responses to middle ear infections and explore targeted interventions.
acute otitis media, allergic rhinitis, incidence, epidemiology, Eustachian tube dysfunction, pediatric infections, upper airway inflammation
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr Mussarat Fatima (PGR) , Dr Irshad Malik , Dr Muhammad Umair Wahab , Dr Waseem Amin , Dr Zirwa Javed , Dr Shakeel Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of Human Factors, Training Deficiencies, and Error Pathways in Surgical Instrument Sterilization: Implications for U.S. Patient Safety
Abstract Surgical instrument sterilization, a routine yet vital and high-risk procedure in contemporary medicine, often culminates in surgical site infections, device failures, and patient injuries when errors occur. As a comprehensive review, this paper navigates the expanse of literature regarding the human and systemic contributors that precipitate these errors and, by extension, bolster sterilization successes in the United States (U.S.). This review challenges the reductionist perspective of errors as isolated "human error," instead providing insights into complex human-machine-system interactions. These encompass cognitive workload, design, system culture, and, most prominently, inconsistent training paradigms which often create vulnerabilities in sterile processing departments (SPDs). This review details that errors in decontamination, inspection, assembly, and sterilization load preparation and management have been identified as recurring factors and likely failure pathways in the literature. When these errors lead to sterilization failure, they often implicate systemic issues over individual negligence. This review advances the position that the paradigm shift necessary to improve patient safety in the U.S. healthcare landscape can be enabled by heeding foundational tenets of human factors engineering in rethinking the system design, standardization, and focus on consistent training and certification, as well as encouraging a shift in safety culture to acknowledge SPD as a safety-critical department, a shift from blame-based systems to systems-based analysis.
Sterile Processing, Central Service, Human Factors, Patient Safety, Surgical Site Infection, Training, Medical Errors, Systems Approach
Managing Cybersecurity as a Patient Safety Function: Business and Governance Challenges in Surgical Sterile Processing Departments
Abstract Emerging networks of medical devices, for remote monitoring and data collection, are advancing efficiencies, while also introducing vulnerabilities in Surgical Sterile Processing Departments (SPDs). Cybersecurity efforts in SPDs should be guided by a new risk treatment paradigm – to be inextricably linked with patient safety risk mitigation, instead of remaining the sole purview of the information technology (IT) governance structures. Security vulnerabilities in sterilizers, washer-disinfectors, and tracking systems have the potential to bring entire operations to a standstill, impact the integrity of patient data, and even increase surgical site infections from the use of instruments processed with suboptimal outcomes. Using a narrative review methodology and assessing literature in academic, regulatory, and industrial spheres, this work aims to characterize the business and governance challenges faced by healthcare organizations in this effort. Such challenges may include the legacy composition of SPD device ecosystems, the budgetary silos of clinical, IT, and cybersecurity funding, the absence of SPD and clinical engineering cybersecurity subject matter experts, and the disconnect between regulatory and voluntary guidance frameworks. The review suggests that successful mitigation of these cybersecurity risks in SPDs will depend on shared accountability across clinical, operational, and IT leaders. Specific recommendations include a patient safety-oriented cybersecurity framework, an SPD-specific risk assessment, and structured communication across disciplines to enable business continuity, clinical outcome, and cyber resiliency alignment.
Cybersecurity, Patient Safety, Sterile Processing, Surgical Site Infection, Medical Device Security, Healthcare Governance, Clinical Engineering
Standardization Gaps in Instrument Reprocessing: A Comparative Review of U.S. and International Sterile Processing Practices
Abstract Sterile instrument assurance is the basis for safety during surgical procedures, but standards for instrument processing lack standardization at both the global and national levels. The objective of this paper is to perform a gap analysis of sterile processing (SP) between the United States (US) and comparable, high-resource nations through a focused literature review. Recommendations are offered with an eye toward future regulatory improvements in the US. The US system is based on voluntary professional guidance issued by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), which forms the core for practices that are not otherwise prescriptively mandated by state or facility policies. In contrast, other developed nations, most notably Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada, have centralized and national standards with which SPs must comply. This paper reviews literature on the characteristics of each model and provides insights into the structural and educational differences that impact how SP departments are staffed, accredited, held accountable, and incentivized to adopt innovative equipment and technology. The current voluntary structure in the US results in vulnerabilities that are avoidable and contribute to preventable patient harm. The authors propose a shift in regulatory structure that considers best practices from global partners to promote more standardized practices across hospitals to enhance safety.
Sterile Processing Standards; Medical Device Reprocessing; AAMI ST79; International Healthcare Regulation; Centralized vs. Decentralized Regulation; Patient Safety Standards
Sterile Processing Workforce Shortages in the United States: Risks to Surgical Safety and National Health System Resilience
Abstract In the United States, a dependable and competent sterile processing (SP) workforce is the silent sentinel underpinning surgical safety and the resilience of our healthcare systems. This review highlights and synthesizes evidence on a burgeoning workforce shortage in Central Sterile Processing Departments (CSPDs). This workforce crisis is multifactorial, directly endangers patient safety, and is a significant weak link in the U.S. healthcare system’s pandemic and other disaster preparedness and resilience. Root causes of CSPD shortages include non-competitive pay and benefits, lack of recognition, occupational exposures, workplace violence, and inconsistent education and training. The effect of staff turnover and vacancies, including inability to recruit and retain new SP technicians, is a steepened learning curve for SP; missed or incomplete steps in SP processing that can lead to surgical site infections (SSIs) and surgical device failures; equipment shortages and backlogs; and SP technician burnout. The patient safety, healthcare delivery, and national disaster preparedness implications of this workforce crisis must be addressed with urgency by hospital leaders, healthcare system and government executives, federal and state lawmakers, accrediting and certifying bodies, healthcare and public health professional organizations, and other healthcare stakeholders. Recommendations for immediate and longer-term actions to stabilize and address CSPD workforce shortages include advocating for standardized education and competency requirements for SP technicians; improved and standardized SP technician compensation; leveraging technology and process improvement to streamline SP processes and reduce SP technician workload; and building national health emergency preparedness and response plans and capacity in part by measuring and planning for CSPD capacity.
Sterile Processing Workforce; Central Sterile Processing Department (CSPD); Healthcare Staffing Shortages; Surgical Patient Safety; Health System Resilience
Preventable Surgical Site Infections and the Critical Role of Sterile Processing Professionals in U.S. Healthcare Systems
Abstract Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a critical patient safety, clinical outcome, and cost burden in the United States, with many cases deemed preventable. Instrument reprocessing and management play a pivotal role in this. This literature review delves into the etiology and impact of SSIs attributed to sterile processing failures. Central Sterile Processing Departments (CSPDs) uphold an intricate, high-stakes workflow, and sterile processing (SP) professionals are an essential, but undervalued and under-resourced, node of the healthcare safety net. We discuss the top challenges facing the SP profession today, including workforce shortages, training deficiencies, ergonomic hazards, and systemic barriers to communication. The article closes with a set of evidence-based, implementation-ready recommendations for healthcare systems to begin the work of raising the stature of sterile processing through standardized education, technological innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and institutional investment to prevent avoidable harm and strengthen the entire surgical safety ecosystem.
Surgical Site Infections (SSIs); Sterile Processing; Central Sterile Processing Department (CSPD); Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs); Medical Device Reprocessing
Strengthening Healthcare Workforce Retention Through Effective Administrative and Operational Strategies in the United States
Abstract The U.S. healthcare system is in the midst of a workforce retention crisis. Clinician burnout, administrative burden, inefficient workflows, and other systemic problems have led to a critical shortage of healthcare workers. This article offers an overview of the key drivers of attrition and evidence-based administrative and operational strategies to achieve sustainable retention. Key Points
Healthcare Workforce Retention; Clinician Burnout; Nurse Staffing Models; Administrative Burden; Operational Strategy
A Graph Theory Approach to Modeling the Spread of Health Misinformation in Aging Populations on Social Media Platforms.
Objective: The exponential growth of online social-media platforms has been accompanied by a growing concern over health misinformation among aging populations who are often digital immigrants or lack media literacy/critical skills. Older adults are among the highest consumers of online health information to seek medical advice or self-management guidance for illness prevention and wellness. Misinformation exposure, especially for medical decisions on health crises or chronic conditions, can lead to health-damaging behavior and is a public health concern (eg, anti-vaccine movements, COVID-19 misinformation, herbal “cures”). Current epidemiological models do not fully reflect the network dynamics of misinformation diffusion. The research presents a novel graph-theoretic modeling approach that characterizes the process of health misinformation diffusion through social-media platforms among aging users. Methods: The study models social networks as a graph (G) with users as nodes (n) and social interactions such as shares, comments, or likes as edges (e). Graph theory and network analysis are used to calculate properties such as degree, betweenness, clustering coefficient, and eigenvector centrality to identify key spreaders and susceptible clusters. A susceptible–exposed–infected–recovered (SEIR) diffusion model from epidemiology is mapped onto the graph to simulate misinformation spread across different network topologies and user interaction patterns. Variables such as trust level, confirmation bias, and fact-checking frequency are included to model the probability of misinformation adoption and sharing. The data was extracted from public Twitter (X) and Facebook public feeds on COVID-19, diet supplements, and disease self-management filtered by an algorithm for an aging audience. The model is calibrated and validated with actual misinformation cases and Bayesian inference to estimate transmission probabilities. Results: The simulation shows that health misinformation among aging populations is likely to diffuse first through homophilous (high-trust/low-diversity) subnetworks, a group of users with common characteristics (demographics, interests, values). A small number of central nodes (users with many connections and influence in the network) act as major hubs for misinformation spread, even when fact-checked (correct information provided to the user). Network resilience analysis shows that as few as 5–10% of central misinformation nodes being removed or corrected can decrease the total amount of diffusion by as much as 45%. However, if the network has high homophily (similarity within group) and low information entropy (redundant/most likely to believe misinformation), then the diffusion is not easily dissipated, which is often the case in digital networks of older users. This result is also visualized using weighted directed graph. Conclusion: The study provides a case that using a graph-theoretic approach can offer a useful framework to analyze health misinformation diffusion among older social-media users. By understanding the network structure, key nodes, vulnerable clusters, and diffusion patterns, we can gain insights on how to strategically intervene and design policies that could contain or reduce the public health harm of misinformation. Possible interventions based on the model include influencer identification and correction, information diversity through platform algorithms, and digital health literacy campaigns among peer networks. The study also calls for more interdisciplinary research to combine network science, behavioral health, and digital sociology to better understand and protect aging populations from the harms of misinformation in the digital era.
Graph Theory; Health Misinformation; Aging Populations; Social Media Networks; eHealth Literacy
Copyright (c) 2025 Multidisciplinary Journal of Healthcare (MJH)
Operational Efficiency Meets Safety: Leveraging Industrial Management Principles to Strengthen EHS Performance
Background: The operational efficiency objectives of industrial enterprises often conflict with their environmental, health, and safety performance. However, in recent years, there is evidence that safety and productivity are not contradictory if they are integrated into the organization's management system. This paper addresses the issue of applying industrial management principles to achieve operational efficiency and environmental, health, and safety performance, including lean management, total quality management, and proactive safety culture. The paper provides an overview of how the main principles of industrial management can be used to improve both productivity and environmental, health, and safety performance. Methodology: A study examining the application of industrial management principles to enhance both operational efficiency and environmental, health, and safety performance was conducted using a systematic literature review and thematic synthesis approach. The research involved a comprehensive search of academic databases, case studies, and industry reports. Insights from organizational psychology, risk management, and systems engineering were also integrated to provide a multidisciplinary perspective. The aim was to evaluate how managerial practices, safety systems, and organizational culture interact with workplace safety and environmental, health, and safety performance. A mixed-methods approach was employed to ensure a balanced understanding of both quantitative safety metrics and qualitative cultural factors. Results: The findings from the review and analysis indicate that leadership commitment, worker participation, and effective safety management systems are critical factors in reducing incidents and enhancing resilience. Organizations that integrate safety into their core business processes tend to have higher competitiveness, lower accident rates, and improved reputational capital. The synthesis highlights the role of psychological safety in enabling proactive reporting, innovation, and a sense of shared responsibility, which are directly linked to better environmental, health, and safety performance. On the other hand, neglecting safety competencies in favor of production targets can increase risks and reduce organizational sustainability. The literature suggests that industrial management principles such as lean, total quality management, and proactive safety culture, when effectively implemented, contribute significantly to both operational and environmental, health, and safety performance. This integrated approach not only mitigates risks but also enhances overall business resilience and competitiveness. Conclusions: Incorporating industrial management principles with environmental, health, and safety management transforms safety from a compliance obligation to a strategic business advantage. A culture of psychological safety and proactive engagement not only reduces workplace hazards but also drives operational excellence, innovation, and long-term competitiveness. The research highlights the need for a paradigm shift, where safety is managed with the same rigor as other business-critical functions, such as quality, cost, and productivity. This positions environmental, health, and safety performance as a cornerstone of sustainable industrial success.
Operational Efficiency, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS), Industrial Management Principles, Lean and Total Quality Management (TQM), Safety Culture and Leadership Commitment, Psychological Safety and Worker Engagement.
Data Analytics Approach to Population Health Segmentation
This study investigated the segmentation of the population's health using data analytics. It looked at how population health segments were identified, how care was measured for those segments, and how the proper people were given care. It covered how data analytics was applied to care management, socioeconomic determinants of health, and predicting where health resources should be allocated. Patients with the highest risk of disease were identified, clinical treatment decisions were supported, patient identification accuracy and speed were improved, expenses were decreased, preventative measures were promoted, and medical research was supported through data analytics. This research used Sander's notion of onions to understand the technique of understanding the appropriate methodological choice, philosophy, theory creation, and data collection procedures to understand the influence of data-driven approaches to population health segmentation. The survival rate of Covid-19 patients was predicted using Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Logistic Regression models. Qualitative data analysis was also carried out to comprehend the factors influencing the application of data-driven population health segmentation approaches, the role of ineffective healthcare and service delivery, benefits, barriers, and strategies to develop and improve data-driven population health segmentation. The findings revealed
population health segmentation, data analytics, healthcare management, predictive modeling, COVID-19, survival prediction.
SYNTHETIC DATA GENERATION FOR SECURE POPULATION HEALTH RESEARCH: BALANCING PRIVACY, UTILITY, AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
The balance of population health research with patient privacy is a growing bottleneck in healthcare innovation. This paper proposes a scalable solution to advance research with guarantees of privacy and data utility: synthetic healthcare datasets. We introduce a machine learning framework to generate high-quality synthetic healthcare data with both statistical and mathematical privacy guarantees. These datasets are generated from a model of a real population without using any real patient data, providing an option to perform analytics without needing to access patient data directly. We describe a hybrid Variational Autoencoder-Generative Adversarial Network (VAE-GAN) framework with differential privacy (DP), uniquely constructed for the challenges and structures of healthcare data (mixed types, temporality, complex correlations). Our solution is built with "medical constraint layers" that respect the natural rules of healthcare (e.g., a male cannot be pregnant) and preserve population statistics. We validate this method on our prior population health segmentation research and found that our synthetic data has 96.7% utility to the real data (across 15 epidemiological metrics) with (ε=1.0, δ=10^-5)-DP. The VAE-GAN-DP solution successfully preserves critical relations: disease comorbidities (r=0.94), population disparities (KL divergence < 0.02), and natural progression of diseases over time (DTW distance < 0.05). We showcase synthetic data research in three case studies: (1) conducting published population health studies with synthetic data only, with 94% of the original results replicated; (2) training machine learning models on synthetic data that performed within 2.3% of the models trained on the real data; and (3) performing cross-institutional population health studies, for which data sharing was previously impossible due to privacy concerns. We also provide a regulatory review of synthetic data in U.S. healthcare (HIPAA Safe Harbor method is one of the ways to meet HIPAA de-identification standards) and international data laws. We offer the community open-source tools for synthetic data creation, validation, and regulatory compliance documentation. Our economic impact analysis shows that synthetic data could help population health research to progress 3-5x faster, while lowering compliance costs by 67% ($1.2 billion in data prep and legal expenses could be saved by the U.S. healthcare research industry annually).
Synthetic data generation, Privacy-preserving research, Differential privacy, Healthcare GANs, Population health analytics, HIPAA compliance, Data utility metrics, Secure data sharing
The Role of Technology in Enhancing Domiciliary Care: A Review of Strategies for Reducing Healthcare Costs and Improving Safety for Aged Adults and Carers
Chronic diseases are on the rise worldwide, and populations are ageing at an unprecedented rate, putting increasing pressure on healthcare systems. Domiciliary care (care at home) has become an essential alternative to traditional healthcare settings, allowing individuals to access the care they need without having to leave their homes. This paper reviews the literature on how technology can support domiciliary care, particularly for older adults. The aim is to identify and assess technologies that can improve patient safety, reduce caregiver burden, and lower healthcare costs. The paper discusses a range of technologies, including telehealth platforms, remote monitoring devices, assistive technologies, and smart home systems. These technologies can support a variety of functions, including remote consultations, medication reminders, fall detection, and real-time communication between patients, carers, and healthcare professionals. The paper argues that the strategic implementation of these technologies in domiciliary care can help to reduce hospital readmissions, shorten inpatient stays, and prevent avoidable health crises. The paper uses a literature review and case studies to highlight the economic and social benefits of technology-enabled home care. It also considers the ethical, data privacy, and accessibility challenges associated with widespread adoption, advocating for the design of user-friendly and accessible technology solutions.
Domiciliary care, Technology-enabled care, Telehealth, Remote patient monitoring, Elderly care
Exploring the Nexus of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health Sciences for Sustainable Wellbeing
The pursuit of sustainable wellbeing requires a cohesive and multidisciplinary approach that bridges medicine, nursing, and allied health sciences. This paper investigates the interconnected roles of healthcare professionals in shaping holistic patient outcomes and resilient health systems. By integrating medical expertise with nursing care and allied health interventions, the study highlights the significance of collaborative practice in addressing both acute and chronic health challenges. Attention is given to patient-centered models, interprofessional education, and innovative care delivery systems that foster long-term health equity. Additionally, the paper explores how evidence-based practices, policy integration, and culturally sensitive approaches can promote sustainable wellbeing at both individual and community levels. The findings affirm that a collaborative healthcare ecosystem, rooted in multidisciplinary engagement, is essential for advancing quality care and achieving sustainable health goals.
Sustainable Wellbeing; Multidisciplinary Healthcare; Medicine; Nursing; Allied Health Sciences; Interprofessional Collaboration; Patient-Centered Models; Health Equity
Healthcare Beyond Boundaries: Advances in Clinical Practice, Policy, and Research
Healthcare is increasingly transcending traditional boundaries through innovations in clinical practice, evolving health policies, and interdisciplinary research. This paper explores the dynamic relationship between clinical advancements, evidence-based policymaking, and cutting-edge research that collectively shape the future of healthcare systems. Special attention is given to the integration of global health strategies, emerging medical technologies, and patient-centered approaches that enhance accessibility and quality of care. The discussion highlights how cross-border collaborations, telehealth, and international health policy frameworks are driving systemic improvements and promoting equity. Furthermore, the study underscores the role of multidisciplinary research in addressing healthcare disparities and strengthening resilience against global health crises. The findings advocate for a boundaryless approach to healthcare, emphasizing inclusivity, innovation, and adaptability as core principles for sustainable development in the health sector.
Clinical Practice; Healthcare Policy; Global Health; Interdisciplinary Research; Telehealth; Patient-Centered Approaches; Equity; Sustainable Healthcare
Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Patient-Centered Care and Public Health Innovation
Patient-centered care and public health innovation have emerged as central themes in the transformation of modern healthcare systems. This paper provides a multidisciplinary analysis of how patient engagement, technological advancement, and policy frameworks collectively contribute to the improvement of health outcomes. By integrating perspectives from medicine, nursing, health informatics, and social sciences, the study emphasizes the importance of tailoring healthcare to individual needs while maintaining population-wide equity. Key areas of focus include the role of digital platforms in patient education, the impact of evidence-based policymaking on public health interventions, and the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration to foster sustainable healthcare models. The findings suggest that bridging clinical practice with community health strategies and policy innovation can enhance patient satisfaction, reduce disparities, and create resilient health systems capable of responding to evolving global challenges.
Patient-Centered Care; Public Health Innovation; Interdisciplinary Collaboration; Digital Health; Healthcare Policy; Equity; Community-Based Care; Sustainability
Integrative Approaches to Global Healthcare: Bridging Medicine, Technology, and Society
The evolving landscape of healthcare requires multidisciplinary integration to address complex global challenges. This paper explores how medicine, technology, and societal factors can be strategically bridged to enhance healthcare delivery, equity, and innovation. By examining current trends such as digital health solutions, precision medicine, and community-based healthcare models, the study highlights the necessity of collaboration among clinicians, researchers, technologists, and policymakers. Emphasis is placed on the role of artificial intelligence, telemedicine, and health informatics in advancing patient-centered care while ensuring ethical and equitable access across diverse populations. Furthermore, the paper underscores the importance of societal engagement, cultural sensitivity, and sustainable health policies to achieve long-term improvements in global health outcomes. The findings advocate for an integrative framework that unites scientific advancements with human-centered approaches, offering a holistic pathway toward resilient and inclusive healthcare systems worldwide.
Global Healthcare, Multidisciplinary Integration, Digital Health, Telemedicine, Precision Medicine, Health Policy, Patient-Centered Care, Sustainability
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Patient Safety among Undergraduate Medical Students of IIMC
Even though the patient safety training is essential for minimizing avoidable harm, it is only occasionally included in undergraduate medical courses. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate final-year MBBS students at Islamabad Islamic Medical College (IIMC) about their knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of patient safety To assess the expectations of healthcare professionals regarding patient care at working places. Methodology From January to March 2022, a cross-sectional survey was done at IIMC with 178 final-year MBBS students (response rate: 84.2%) using a validated, 25-item questionnaire modified from the WHO Patient Safety Curriculum Guide. Ethical permission was obtained. SPSS v21 was used to analyze the data, which included descriptive statistics (frequency, mean) and inferential tests (chi-square, logistic regression). Results The majority of pupils showed a moderate understanding of patient safety principles. Perceptions of the institutional safety culture varied, even though views were generally positive, especially regarding teamwork and error disclosure. Many students voiced doubts about how to handle errors and have candid conversations about them. Increased comprehension and trust in putting safety procedures into practice were substantially correlated with clinical exposure. Conclusion There is a need for more structured, experiential learning opportunities to reinforce patient safety principles. Integrating simulation, case-based learning, and non-punitive error reporting systems into the curriculum can foster a more safety-oriented healthcare mindset among future physicians.
Patient safety, medical students, error reporting, clinical education, safety culture, IIMC, undergraduate medical curriculum
Dr Syed Ahmed Shafiq Bukhari1, Dr Iqra Mukhtar2, Dr Aqsa Rasool3, Dr Saleha Fatima4, Dr Saqib Sattar5, Dr Zaid Habib Qureshi6,
“Early Diagnosis of Blood Cancer Using Deep Learning: An Evaluation of CNN, SVM, and Random Forest”
Blood cancer is one of the most dangerous and fast-growing types of cancer, affecting people of all ages, especially children. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and improving survival rates. Traditional methods of detecting blood cancer—such as bone marrow tests and manual image analysis—are time-consuming, painful, and not always accurate. This research focuses on using artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning and machine learning techniques, to improve early detection of blood cancer through microscopic blood smear images. We evaluate and compare the performance of three widely used models: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). Our approach includes image preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. CNNs were found to be the most effective, achieving up to 99.12% accuracy using ensemble models like DenseNet, Inception, and Xception. SVM and Random Forest also delivered strong results, especially when used with deep feature extraction techniques. The findings of this study show that AI-powered models can significantly improve the speed and accuracy of blood cancer diagnosis. This research not only supports the global healthcare goal of early cancer detection but also opens the door for developing smart, low-cost diagnostic tools that can be used in real-world clinical settings. Future work will focus on real- time applications, larger datasets, explainable AI, and integration into healthcare systems.
Abdul Qayyum Waseem Khan1, Amir Ali2, Abdul Rehman3, Imran Arshad4, Mahad Shahid5
The ROI of Data Security: How Hospitals and Health Systems Can Turn Compliance into Competitive Advantage
With healthcare organizations increasingly becoming digital ecosystems, good data security practices have now become a must not just for regulatory compliance but also to realize long-term financial and strategic advantages. This article explains how health systems and hospitals can leverage AI-driven cybersecurity tools to repel cyber attacks, reduce financial exposures, and win patient trust. By examining real case studies, we demonstrate how investments in AI-based security models are translated into cost savings, improved operational efficiency, and competitive edge. We also discuss how predictive analytics, automated compliance monitoring, and real-time threat detection help to create institutional resilience. The study shows that proactive data security is not a compliance exercise but a strategic enabler for sustainable growth and innovation in the healthcare sector.
AI-driven cybersecurity, data privacy, healthcare compliance, HIPAA, GDPR, patient trust, financial risk management, predictive analytics, automated compliance, cyber threat detection, competitive advantage
Factors related to cervical cancer in developing countries such as Pakistan
Abstract Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in developing countries, including Pakistan. Various factors contribute to its high incidence and mortality, primarily related to lack of awareness, limited access to healthcare services, and the prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In Pakistan, the absence of a robust screening and vaccination program, coupled with socio-cultural factors such as limited education and healthcare accessibility, exacerbates the situation. HPV, which is the primary etiological agent for cervical cancer, is widespread in the country, with many women being diagnosed at advanced stages due to late presentation. The lack of early screening programs, like the Pap smear test, and low uptake of HPV vaccination further contribute to the disease burden. Additionally, poverty, low health literacy, and a lack of awareness about preventive measures, such as regular gynecological check-ups, significantly hinder early detection and treatment. Rural-urban disparities in healthcare infrastructure and societal stigma surrounding women’s health issues also play a crucial role in the delayed diagnosis. In light of these challenges, efforts to reduce cervical cancer rates in Pakistan require comprehensive interventions, including increasing public awareness, enhancing access to screening and vaccination services, and improving the quality of healthcare. Addressing these socio-economic and cultural barriers is crucial for the successful implementation of prevention and control measures, ultimately reducing cervical cancer mortality in the region.
A state-of-the-art review on thyroid problems, gastrointestinal and liver malfunction
Thyroid disorders, gastrointestinal (GI), and liver malfunctions are prevalent health concerns that often occur in conjunction, significantly affecting overall well-being. Thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, has been linked to a range of GI symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, and dyspepsia. Moreover, thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating gastrointestinal motility and liver function, with both organ systems interlinked through complex metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal disturbances can exacerbate thyroid issues, and vice versa, creating a challenging clinical scenario for diagnosis and management. Hepatic disorders, including fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatitis, are also common in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Altered thyroid hormone levels can influence liver enzyme activities, affecting detoxification processes and metabolic regulation. Furthermore, diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver cirrhosis have shown associations with altered thyroid function, complicating both disease progression and treatment outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively explore the pathophysiological mechanisms connecting thyroid problems with gastrointestinal and liver malfunctions. We examine the latest research on how thyroid dysfunction affects gut motility, liver enzyme activity, and overall digestive health. Furthermore, the bidirectional relationships between these systems are highlighted, with attention to the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Ultimately, an integrated approach to managing patients with concurrent thyroid, gastrointestinal, and liver conditions is emphasized, aiming for improved clinical outcomes and quality of life.
Pancreatic Mixed Neuroendocrine Non Neuroendocrine Neoplasm, a rare malignancy, co-existing with Prostatic Carcinoma: A Case Report.
Mixed neuroendocrine non neuroendocrine neoplasms present a diagnostic challenge. They are heterogenous malignancies that occur primarily in the GI tract and are characterized as having at least 30% each of exocrine and e ndocrine component occurring at the same site. Mixed neuroendocrine non neuroendocrine neoplasms are difficult to recognize due to their specific diagnostic criteria; occur rarely, and are infrequently described i n literature. On ly 30 cases of this tumor occurring in the pancreas have been previously reported. Men with prostatic carcinoma have occasionally been found to develop a secondary primary tumor. However, Pancreatic mixed neuroendocrine non neuroendocrine neoplasm has not been previously reported in conjunction with prostate cancer. Herein, we report a case of an elderly male with preexisting advanced prostatic malignancy, found to have a pancreatic mixed neuroendocrine non neuroendocrine neoplasm, on an endoscopic biopsy sample.
Integrating Telemedicine into Routine Healthcare Benefits and Challenges
Abstract: Telemedicine has emerged as a transformative approach to healthcare delivery, enabling remote consultations and diagnostics using digital platforms. Integrating telemedicine into routine healthcare systems offers numerous benefits, including improved access to healthcare services, reduced patient wait times, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to provide continuous care, especially for patients in underserved regions. However, the integration process presents several challenges, such as technology infrastructure barriers, regulatory issues, patient data security, and concerns around maintaining the quality of care. This paper explores the benefits and challenges associated with the integration of telemedicine into routine healthcare, considering its implications on patients, healthcare providers, and the healthcare ecosystem at large. The discussion highlights the need for effective policies and technological advancements to address the obstacles and enhance the potential of telemedicine in modern healthcare systems.
Exploring Bioethics in Clinical Decision-Making: Balancing Autonomy and Care
Abstract: This paper explores the complex interplay of bioethics in clinical decision-making, particularly focusing on the balance between patient autonomy and the imperative of providing optimal care. In contemporary healthcare, respecting patient autonomy is a cornerstone principle, encapsulated in the notion that patients should have the right to make informed decisions about their own health. However, this ideal often encounters challenges in practice, especially in scenarios where patients may lack the capacity to make sound judgments, face cultural or psychological barriers, or when their choices conflict with medical recommendations. This paper examines various case studies, ethical frameworks, and existing literature to elucidate the tensions between patient autonomy and care obligations, while also considering the roles of healthcare professionals in mediating these conflicts. Ultimately, this study aims to propose strategies that can help clinicians navigate these ethical dilemmas, ensuring that patient autonomy is honored while maintaining a commitment to providing the best possible care.
Evaluating Health Policy Changes: Impact on Access and Equity in Healthcare Systems
Abstract: Health policy changes play a critical role in shaping healthcare systems, influencing both access to services and equity among different populations. This paper evaluates the impact of recent health policy reforms, focusing on the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the United States, the National Health Service (NHS) reforms in the United Kingdom, and similar initiatives globally. The analysis highlights the relationship between policy changes and healthcare access, particularly among marginalized communities. The study utilizes quantitative data on insurance coverage, healthcare utilization, and health outcomes, alongside qualitative insights from healthcare providers and patients. Findings suggest that while some policies have improved access to care, significant disparities persist, particularly for low-income and minority populations. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers to enhance equity in healthcare systems through targeted interventions, stakeholder engagement, and continuous monitoring of health disparities.
The Impact of Health Informatics on Patient Safety and Quality of Care
Abstract: Health informatics is rapidly transforming the landscape of healthcare delivery, significantly impacting patient safety and quality of care. This paper examines the integration of health informatics systems, such as electronic health records (EHRs), clinical decision support systems (CDSS), and telemedicine, and their roles in enhancing patient outcomes. Key benefits include improved communication among healthcare providers, increased accuracy in diagnoses and treatment plans, and the reduction of medical errors. However, challenges such as data privacy concerns, the need for robust training, and potential technology-related disruptions also arise. This study emphasizes the importance of effectively implementing health informatics to create a safer and higher quality healthcare environment.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy in Clinical Medicine
Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of clinical medicine, particularly in diagnostic processes. This research examines how AI improves diagnostic accuracy by integrating vast datasets, enabling early detection, and minimizing human error. AI-driven technologies like machine learning algorithms and deep learning models have proven to outperform traditional diagnostic methods in specific areas, such as imaging and pattern recognition. However, integrating AI into routine clinical practice poses challenges, including data privacy concerns, ethical considerations, and the need for regulatory oversight. This paper explores the benefits, challenges, and future directions of AI in enhancing diagnostic accuracy.
Medical Education Innovations: Enhancing Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes
Abstract: The landscape of medical education is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in technology, pedagogical theories, and a growing recognition of the importance of student engagement in enhancing learning outcomes. This paper examines innovative strategies that are transforming medical education, focusing on active learning techniques, digital tools, and inter-professional education. By integrating these approaches, educators can foster a more interactive and student-centered learning environment, improving knowledge retention and practical skills among medical students. Additionally, the study explores the impact of these innovations on students’ attitudes, motivation, and overall academic performance. The findings suggest that embracing educational innovations not only enhances engagement but also prepares future healthcare professionals to meet the demands of an increasingly complex healthcare landscape.
The Role of Community Health Workers in Promoting Health Equity
Abstract: Community Health Workers (CHWs) play a crucial role in promoting health equity by bridging the gap between healthcare systems and underserved populations. This paper explores the multifaceted contributions of CHWs in addressing health disparities through community engagement, education, and advocacy. The effectiveness of CHWs in improving health outcomes is analyzed, emphasizing their cultural competence, relationship-building skills, and ability to navigate social determinants of health. This study also identifies challenges faced by CHWs, including funding limitations, training needs, and integration into healthcare systems. By understanding the role of CHWs, we can enhance strategies aimed at achieving health equity and improving population health outcomes.
Global Health Initiatives: Addressing Health Disparities in Low-Income Countries
Abstract: This paper examines global health initiatives aimed at reducing health disparities in low-income countries. Despite progress in global health, significant disparities persist in health outcomes, access to care, and resource allocation. Initiatives such as the Global Fund, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the World Health Organization’s Universal Health Coverage (UHC) initiative have played crucial roles in addressing these disparities. This study reviews the effectiveness of these initiatives, their challenges, and the importance of a multi-faceted approach that includes government, non-governmental organizations, and local communities. By evaluating successes and identifying areas for improvement, this paper seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on equitable health access in low-income countries..