A state-of-the-art review on thyroid problems, gastrointestinal and liver malfunction

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Abstract

Thyroid disorders, gastrointestinal (GI), and liver malfunctions are prevalent health concerns that often occur in conjunction, significantly affecting overall well-being. Thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, has been linked to a range of GI symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, and dyspepsia. Moreover, thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating gastrointestinal motility and liver function, with both organ systems interlinked through complex metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal disturbances can exacerbate thyroid issues, and vice versa, creating a challenging clinical scenario for diagnosis and management. Hepatic disorders, including fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatitis, are also common in patients with thyroid dysfunction. Altered thyroid hormone levels can influence liver enzyme activities, affecting detoxification processes and metabolic regulation. Furthermore, diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver cirrhosis have shown associations with altered thyroid function, complicating both disease progression and treatment outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively explore the pathophysiological mechanisms connecting thyroid problems with gastrointestinal and liver malfunctions. We examine the latest research on how thyroid dysfunction affects gut motility, liver enzyme activity, and overall digestive health. Furthermore, the bidirectional relationships between these systems are highlighted, with attention to the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Ultimately, an integrated approach to managing patients with concurrent thyroid, gastrointestinal, and liver conditions is emphasized, aiming for improved clinical outcomes and quality of life.