Environmental Determinants of Non-Communicable Diseases: The Role of Pollution and Climate Change

Abstract

Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, diabetes, and cancers, have emerged as leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. While genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors contribute significantly to their prevalence, environmental determinants, particularly pollution and climate change, play a crucial role in exacerbating these health conditions. Air pollution, containing fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds, has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to prolonged exposure. Similarly, water contamination with heavy metals and industrial pollutants increases the risk of chronic kidney disease and metabolic disorders. Climate change further amplifies health risks by altering disease patterns, increasing heat stress, and intensifying the spread of vector-borne diseases. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and disrupted ecosystems contribute to food insecurity and malnutrition, exacerbating non-communicable disease burdens. Socioeconomic disparities further intensify the vulnerability of marginalized populations, limiting access to healthcare and clean environments. Addressing these challenges necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, integrating public health strategies, sustainable policies, and environmental regulations. Governments and international organizations must enforce stringent air and water quality standards, promote green energy solutions, and implement adaptive measures to mitigate climate-related health impacts. Public awareness and community engagement are equally vital in fostering behavioral changes that reduce exposure to environmental hazards. Future research should focus on identifying long-term correlations between environmental stressors and NCD progression while exploring innovative solutions for pollution control and climate resilience. A comprehensive understanding of environmental determinants is crucial for effective interventions that safeguard global health.