The Impact of Air Pollution on Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Evidence from Urban and Rural Populations

Abstract

Air pollution has become a critical public health concern, significantly contributing to the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. This study examines the impact of air pollution on respiratory health by comparing urban and rural populations, analyzing exposure levels to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and other pollutants. The findings indicate that urban residents experience higher exposure to vehicular emissions and industrial pollutants, leading to increased respiratory disease prevalence. Conversely, rural populations, although generally exposed to lower industrial pollution, face risks from biomass fuel combustion and agricultural pollutants. Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with declining lung function, exacerbation of pre-existing conditions, and higher hospitalization rates. Vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, are particularly at risk. Socioeconomic factors, healthcare access, and lifestyle differences also influence disease severity and treatment outcomes. The study underscores the urgent need for stringent air quality regulations, improved environmental policies, and community-based interventions to mitigate the impact of air pollution on respiratory health. Strategies such as promoting cleaner fuels, enhancing public transportation, and increasing green spaces can significantly reduce pollutant exposure and improve overall health outcomes. This research contributes to the growing evidence on environmental determinants of health and emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to combat air pollution-related diseases effectively.