Oral-Systemic Health Connections: Evidence Linking Periodontitis with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Аннотация

Recent research has increasingly focused on the intricate connections between oral health and systemic diseases, particularly the links between periodontitis and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review synthesizes the current body of evidence that supports these associations, emphasizing the underlying biological mechanisms. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of supporting structures of the teeth, has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and stroke. The inflammatory mediators released during periodontal tissue destruction can enter the bloodstream, leading to systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, the relationship between periodontitis and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity, is underscored by the bidirectional nature of these diseases. Poor glycemic control exacerbates periodontal disease, while periodontitis can further complicate metabolic control. This review also discusses the impact of lifestyle factors, including diet and smoking, which contribute to both periodontal and systemic diseases. Early diagnosis and intervention in periodontal health may play a significant role in preventing or managing these systemic conditions. The findings suggest that improving oral health should be a component of strategies aimed at reducing the burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Further research is essential to explore the causal pathways and to establish effective interventions that target both oral and systemic health outcomes.