Biological Warfare: Ethical, Legal, and Security Implications in the Modern Era

Abstract

Biological warfare, the use of pathogens or biological toxins as weapons, presents significant ethical, legal, and security challenges in the modern era. The historical context of biological warfare reveals devastating effects, from the use of smallpox-infected blankets during the colonial era to the extensive biological weapon programs during the 20th century. Today, the threat of biological warfare is exacerbated by advancements in biotechnology, which make it increasingly easier to develop and deploy biological agents. The ethical concerns surrounding biological warfare include the intentional targeting of civilians, the potential for mass casualties, and the irreversible damage to ecosystems. Legally, the use of biological weapons is prohibited under international law, specifically the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1975; however, violations of these treaties still occur, particularly by state and non-state actors seeking asymmetric advantages. From a security perspective, the proliferation of biotechnological capabilities raises fears of biological weapons being used by rogue states or terrorist groups, complicating global security dynamics. This paper explores the ethical dilemmas posed by biological warfare, reviews the legal frameworks established to prevent its use, and discusses the security risks associated with biotechnological advancements. It also highlights the growing importance of international cooperation and vigilance in addressing these threats. Understanding the complexities of biological warfare is critical for policymakers, international organizations, and security agencies in formulating strategies to combat this threat.