Climate Change and Global Governance: Challenges in Policy Coordination

Abstract

Abstract
Climate change represents one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, requiring coordinated efforts across nations, sectors, and institutions. However, global governance systems face significant hurdles in aligning diverse policy objectives, addressing inequalities, and ensuring effective implementation of climate action. This study explores the key challenges in climate policy coordination, including disparities between developed and developing nations, fragmented institutional frameworks, and conflicting economic priorities. Developed nations often emphasize carbon reduction targets, while developing countries prioritize economic growth and adaptation, leading to policy misalignment. Additionally, existing governance mechanisms, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), struggle with enforcing commitments and ensuring equitable responsibility-sharing. The rise of non-state actors, including businesses and civil society organizations, offers potential for more inclusive decision-making, yet their integration into formal governance structures remains limited. Furthermore, this paper underscores the necessity of innovative financing mechanisms, robust monitoring systems, and enhanced technological cooperation to address the multifaceted dimensions of climate governance. Case studies from the Paris Agreement and global renewable energy initiatives illustrate both the progress achieved and the gaps that persist in fostering international cooperation. By advancing cross-border collaborations and adopting holistic governance strategies, the international community can move closer to mitigating the impacts of climate change while balancing economic and social imperatives. Keywords: such as climate change, global governance, policy coordination, international cooperation, sustainable development, and climate finance are central to the discussion, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamics of climate policy challenges.