Masculinities in Crisis: A Cross-Cultural Examination of Changing Gender Roles

Abstract

The concept of masculinity has undergone profound transformations across cultures due to sociopolitical, economic, and technological shifts. Traditional notions of masculinity, which have long been associated with dominance, economic provision, and stoicism, are being increasingly challenged by progressive gender discourses and shifting labor dynamics. This study explores the crisis of masculinity through a cross-cultural lens, analyzing how globalization, feminist movements, economic instability, and digital media reshape gender identities. The research examines how cultural contexts mediate these changes, with Western societies experiencing a decline in traditional masculinity due to gender equality initiatives, while many non-Western cultures face a more complex negotiation between modernity and tradition. The impact of these shifts on mental health, interpersonal relationships, and socio-economic status is critically assessed, highlighting the increasing prevalence of male anxiety, identity struggles, and opposition to evolving gender norms. Using qualitative and quantitative analyses, the study draws on sociological theories of gender performativity, hegemonic masculinity, and intersectionality to deconstruct the contemporary crisis of masculinity. The findings reveal that while some men adapt to these changes through more fluid and inclusive gender identities, others resist, leading to reactionary movements that seek to reinforce traditional roles. The research underscores the importance of redefining masculinity in ways that promote emotional resilience, equitable relationships, and adaptability in changing social landscapes. By incorporating perspectives from psychology, anthropology, and gender studies, this study contributes to ongoing debates on gender fluidity, power structures, and identity politics.