International Journal for Conventional and Non-Conventional Warfare
The International Journal for Conventional and Non-Conventional Warfare aims to provide a multidisciplinary platform for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to explore the complexities of warfare in both conventional and non-conventional contexts. This journal invites rigorous research and critical analyses that address the evolving nature of conflict, encompassing traditional military strategies and innovative approaches such as cyber warfare, insurgency, and hybrid warfare. We encourage submissions that examine historical, political, sociocultural, and technological dimensions of warfare, fostering dialogue and advancing understanding of contemporary security challenges. Ultimately, the journal seeks to contribute to the development of effective strategies and policies in an increasingly complex global landscape.
The Role of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Conventional and Asymmetric Battlefields
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, have transformed the landscape of modern warfare by providing real-time surveillance, precision strikes, and logistical support in both conventional and asymmetric battlefields. Their cost-effectiveness, versatility, and reduced risk to human soldiers make them a critical component of 21st-century military operations. This paper explores the expanding role of UAS, analyzing their strategic importance in state militaries as well as their adoption by non-state actors. The study examines their application in counterterrorism operations, border security, and hybrid conflicts, while also addressing ethical concerns, international regulations, and the threat of proliferation. Case studies from conflicts in the Middle East, South Asia, and Eastern Europe demonstrate how drones are reshaping battlefield dynamics and altering traditional doctrines of warfare. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for robust counter-UAS technologies, legal frameworks, and strategic policies to ensure balanced use of unmanned systems in future conflicts.
Unmanned Aerial Systems; Drones in warfare; Asymmetric conflicts; Counterterrorism; Precision strikes; Military technology; Proliferation; Counter-UAS strategies
Psychological Operations and Information Warfare: Tools of Influence in the 21st Century
Psychological operations (PsyOps) and information warfare have become decisive tools in shaping perceptions, influencing behavior, and achieving strategic objectives in both conventional and non-conventional conflicts. Unlike traditional combat, these methods target the human cognitive domain, exploiting social, political, and cultural vulnerabilities. This paper investigates the evolution of psychological operations and information warfare, highlighting their application in military campaigns, counterinsurgency efforts, and global political contests. The study examines modern techniques such as disinformation campaigns, propaganda through digital platforms, and the weaponization of social media to destabilize adversaries without direct confrontation. By analyzing notable case studies, including state-sponsored information campaigns and non-state actors’ use of digital propaganda, the research underscores the growing significance of cognitive warfare in the 21st century. The findings reveal the urgent need for ethical guidelines, public awareness, and resilient information ecosystems to mitigate the long-term risks posed by psychological and information warfare.
Psychological operations; Information warfare; Disinformation; Cognitive warfare; Propaganda; Social media influence; Strategic communication; National security
Hybrid Warfare Tactics: Blending Conventional and Irregular Approaches in Modern Conflicts
Hybrid warfare represents a strategic fusion of conventional military power with irregular tactics, cyber operations, economic pressure, and information campaigns to achieve political and military objectives without engaging in full-scale war. This evolving form of conflict blurs the boundaries between peace and war, challenging traditional defense doctrines and security frameworks. This paper explores the nature of hybrid warfare, analyzing how state and non-state actors employ multi-dimensional strategies to exploit vulnerabilities in adversaries. Case studies such as the Russia–Ukraine conflict and Middle Eastern insurgencies are examined to highlight the practical application of hybrid tactics in contemporary battlefields. The research further investigates the role of media manipulation, disinformation, and proxy groups in amplifying the effectiveness of hybrid operations. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for adaptive defense policies, enhanced intelligence-sharing, and comprehensive national strategies to counter the growing complexities of hybrid warfare in the 21st century.
Hybrid warfare; Conventional conflict; Irregular tactics; Disinformation; Proxy warfare; Cyber operations; Security frameworks; Strategic adaptation
Cyber Warfare as the Fifth Domain: Emerging Challenges and Strategic Responses
Cyber warfare has rapidly evolved into a critical component of modern conflict, positioning cyberspace as the fifth domain of warfare alongside land, sea, air, and space. The growing dependence on digital infrastructure has made states, militaries, and societies increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats, including espionage, sabotage, and misinformation campaigns. This study examines the emerging challenges of cyber warfare, focusing on the complexity of attribution, the blurred lines between state and non-state actors, and the implications of cyber operations on national security. It also explores strategic responses adopted by different nations, including the development of cyber defense doctrines, offensive capabilities, and international cooperation mechanisms. By analyzing case studies of recent cyber conflicts and attacks, the research highlights the importance of resilience, preparedness, and ethical considerations in shaping cyber warfare strategies. The paper concludes with recommendations for building stronger defense infrastructures and fostering global cyber norms to mitigate escalating risks in this evolving domain.
Cyber warfare; Fifth domain; Cybersecurity; Information warfare; National security; Strategic responses; Offensive cyber operations; International cooperation
Framing the Digital Threat: Cybersecurity and Strategic Narratives in India-Pakistan Relations
The cyber confrontation between India and Pakistan has become major features for the strategic rivalry between both states. It is shifting their neutral use of digital advancements to critical cyber-espionages and attacks. This research is going to explore securitization of cyberspace by India and Pakistan under the lens of Securitization Theory, which tried to explain how both states framed cyberspace as a existential threat and it requires extraordinary measures. It examines the key cyber-attacks between 1999 and 2025 like hacking of websites, malware activities, espionage activities, as well as government and military network attacks. This study provides an overview of the core components of securitization process using qualitative content analysis of cybersecurity reports, academic research, government documents, and open-source intelligence to estimate the cases of referent objects of digital sovereignty and critical infrastructure, the presence of securitizing actors (national security agencies and political leadership), and a process of framing cyber threats as existential in character. The study describes the incidents in which both nations have cited cyber incidents as a justification of widened surveillance, the development of offensive capabilities in cyberspace, and cyber militarization. The significance of this research is that it couples cyber conflict and the concepts of strategic regional instability and that the digital world should adhere to some rules of conduct. The study also helps to understand cyber deterrence, dynamics of escalation and lack of formalization in the interstate interactions in the cyber sphere in South Asia by tracing the strategic rationality of the specified cyber operations. It comes to the conclusion of the research that unless both states show common interest in some bilateral cyber confidence-building measures and become a participant of global cyber norms, cyberspace will be an unsafe unregulated battlefield in the already weak security system.
Cyberspace, Warfare, Existential Threat, Security, Securitization Theory, Framing
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal for Conventional and Non-Conventional Warfare
Investigating Climatic Impacts on Electric Transmission Infrastructure in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Pakistan (2020-2023)
Pakistan’s energy systems are under increasing stress due to growing demand and the frequency of climatic events. Pakistan’s case is of particular interest due to its diverse climatic zones, heavy reliance on centralised energy systems, and mounting electricity demand. The paper examined how Pakistan’s electrical power transmission systems are impacted by its climate, exploring vulnerabilities and resilience through a mixed-methods approach with a convergent design for comprehensive analysis and deeper understanding. Statistical analysis revealed significant relationships between climatic disruptions on the power system. Resilience calculated by resilience lost index (RLI), estimated down time index (EDTI), mean time to repair (MTTR) and mean time between failures (MTBF) showed a significant loss of resilience due to climatic disruptions. Proportional and qualitative analysis nuanced similar results. The paper highlighted need for enhanced planning, investment in climate-resilient infrastructure, technological incorporations and proactive policy measures to mitigate environmental risks, vulnerabilities and future endeavors in the domain for understanding the behavior of a system.
Majid Mohsin 1, Dr. Syedah Sadia Kazmi 2, Muhammad Imran 3
The Evolution of Guerrilla Warfare: Lessons from Historical Conflicts
Abstract: Guerrilla warfare, a form of irregular combat strategy, has evolved significantly throughout history, adapting to technological advancements, political changes, and military innovations. From early examples in ancient history to modern conflicts, guerrilla warfare remains a potent tool for asymmetric forces confronting conventional military power. This paper explores key historical conflicts that have shaped guerrilla warfare, analyzing tactics, strategies, and lessons learned. Case studies from the American Revolution, Vietnam War, and contemporary insurgencies illustrate how guerrilla warfare adapts to diverse terrains and political contexts. The findings underscore the importance of mobility, local support, and adaptability in the success of guerrilla campaigns.
Information Warfare and the Battle for Public Perception
Abstract: Information warfare, an evolving dimension of modern conflict, plays a pivotal role in shaping the narratives and perceptions of both national and international audiences. This warfare utilizes a blend of traditional media, social platforms, cyber tools, and psychological operations to manipulate public opinion, influence political outcomes, and destabilize governments. In this context, the battle for public perception is not merely about factual information but about controlling the narrative and framing issues to advance strategic objectives. The blurred lines between truth and propaganda, combined with the speed and reach of digital communications, make information warfare a potent tool in both state and non-state actors' arsenals. This abstract explores the methods, targets, and consequences of information warfare, while examining the ethical and legal challenges posed by its practice in the contemporary world.
Urban Warfare Strategies and Challenges in Dense Population Centers
Abstract: Urban warfare presents unique challenges and strategies due to the complexities of densely populated areas. This paper explores the dynamics of urban conflict, emphasizing the necessity for adaptable military tactics that consider civilian populations, infrastructure, and the urban environment. Analyzing recent case studies from conflict zones, such as Aleppo and Mosul, the study highlights the impact of urban warfare on combat operations, humanitarian considerations, and post-conflict reconstruction. The research underscores the importance of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) in navigating urban landscapes and mitigating collateral damage. Furthermore, the paper discusses the role of non-state actors and the implications of urban warfare on international humanitarian law. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the evolving discourse on urban conflict and inform military strategies for future engagements in urban settings.
Private Military Contractors The Rise of Outsourced Warfare
Abstract: The rise of Private Military Contractors (PMCs) has significantly altered the landscape of modern warfare, leading to the outsourcing of traditional military roles once exclusively held by state-controlled armed forces. This shift is driven by various factors, including cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and the increased demand for specialized military expertise. PMCs now operate in conflict zones around the globe, providing services ranging from logistical support to active combat operations. However, their growing presence raises complex legal, ethical, and accountability issues, challenging existing norms of international security and military governance. This paper delves into the factors contributing to the rise of PMCs, the regulatory and accountability gaps they create, and their broader implications for state sovereignty, international law, and conflict resolution. By analyzing prominent case studies and reviewing current regulatory frameworks, this study provides insight into how PMCs are reshaping modern warfare and the potential risks and benefits of their expanding role. The increasing reliance on Private Military Contractors (PMCs) has transformed modern warfare, marking a shift from traditional state-controlled military forces to outsourced combat services. This paper examines the rise of PMCs, exploring their roles in conflict zones, the legal and ethical challenges they pose, and the implications for international security and governance. By analyzing case studies and regulatory frameworks, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of how PMCs impact the nature of warfare and the accountability of military operations in the 21st century.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Warfare
Abstract: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into modern warfare represents a transformative shift in military strategies and operations. This paper explores the multifaceted roles AI plays in enhancing combat effectiveness, decision-making, and operational efficiency. By examining applications such as autonomous weapons systems, predictive analytics for threat assessment, and AI-driven logistics, the research highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with AI integration in military contexts. Additionally, ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in warfare, including accountability, transparency, and the implications for international law, are critically analyzed. The findings indicate that while AI offers significant advantages in operational capabilities, its deployment necessitates a rigorous framework to ensure responsible and ethical usage. Ultimately, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the future of warfare and the implications of AI technologies in shaping military strategies.
Impact of cyber-attacks on national security and international relations
Abstract: Cyber-attacks have emerged as a critical threat to national security and international relations in the 21st century. These attacks, ranging from state-sponsored cyber espionage to ransom ware deployed by non-state actors, challenge traditional notions of sovereignty, defense, and warfare. This paper analyzes the impact of cyber-attacks on national security by examining vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, economic systems, and military assets. It also explores the implications for international relations, particularly in terms of trust between nations, escalation risks, and the evolution of cyber norms. The study highlights how countries are adapting their security strategies to address these cyber threats and the need for stronger international cooperation and legal frameworks to mitigate the risks posed by this evolving landscape. Cyber-attacks have become a pivotal issue in the domain of national security and international relations, with the potential to disrupt critical infrastructure, undermine governmental authority, and destabilize economies. These attacks, often state-sponsored or carried out by non-state actors, challenge traditional defense mechanisms and blur the lines between peace and conflict. This paper examines the multifaceted impact of cyber-attacks on national security, focusing on vulnerabilities in defense systems, financial institutions, and communication networks. Additionally, it explores the repercussions for international relations, particularly the rising tensions, erosion of trust, and the shift towards cyber diplomacy. The study emphasizes the importance of robust cyber security strategies, international cooperation, and the development of global norms to counter this growing threat.
Biological and Chemical Weapons: Contemporary Threats and Responses
Abstract: Biological and chemical weapons (BCW) pose significant contemporary threats to global security, as advancements in science and technology have made their proliferation more feasible. This paper examines the evolving landscape of BCW threats, including state and non-state actors' capabilities and motivations. It highlights key incidents and case studies that illustrate the potential for devastating impacts on civilian populations and ecosystems. Furthermore, the paper analyzes international treaties and response mechanisms, such as the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention, assessing their effectiveness in preventing the use of BCW. The findings underscore the need for enhanced global cooperation, stricter enforcement of regulations, and innovative strategies to mitigate risks associated with these weapons.
Counterterrorism Strategies in the Age of Global Insurgency
Abstract: In the context of an evolving global insurgency landscape, counterterrorism strategies must adapt to address the complexities of transnational threats. This paper examines the multifaceted nature of modern terrorism, highlighting the interplay between ideology, technology, and socio-political dynamics that fuel insurgent movements. It analyzes current counterterrorism frameworks and their effectiveness, focusing on intelligence sharing, community engagement, and the role of international cooperation. The study underscores the necessity for innovative approaches that incorporate preventive measures, counter-radicalization efforts, and the integration of non-state actors to build resilient societies. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a holistic and adaptive strategy to effectively combat the challenges posed by global insurgency.
Hybrid Warfare: Blurring the Lines Between Conventional and Non-Conventional Tactics
Abstract: Hybrid warfare represents a contemporary approach to conflict that blends conventional military strategies with unconventional tactics, including cyber operations, misinformation, and the use of proxy forces. This phenomenon challenges traditional definitions of warfare, as state and non-state actors increasingly exploit the grey areas between peace and war to achieve their objectives. This paper explores the evolution of hybrid warfare, examining case studies from recent conflicts to highlight the implications for national security and international relations. By analyzing the methods employed in hybrid conflicts, this study aims to elucidate the complexities of modern warfare and provide insights for policymakers and military strategists. The findings suggest that a comprehensive understanding of hybrid warfare is crucial for developing effective counter-strategies that address the multifaceted nature of contemporary threats.
Economic Warfare: Sanctions, Embargoes, and their Strategic Use
Economic warfare, encompassing the strategic use of sanctions and embargoes, has emerged as a pivotal tool in international relations. This paper explores the effectiveness, implementation, and implications of economic sanctions and embargoes as instruments of statecraft. By examining historical case studies, including recent sanctions on Russia and Iran, we analyze the intended and unintended consequences of these measures on target nations and global economies. We highlight the complexities surrounding the application of economic warfare, including the challenges of enforcement, the potential for humanitarian impact, and the responses of sanctioned states. Ultimately, this study aims to provide insights into the strategic value of economic warfare in achieving geopolitical objectives, while considering its ethical dimensions.
Criminal Justice Reform in Islamic and International Law: Towards a Unified Framework
This study explores the potential for reforming criminal justice systems by examining Islamic and international legal frameworks. The aim is to identify areas where Islamic principles and international norms can be harmonized to create a more effective and just criminal justice system. Islamic law, with its focus on justice, retribution, and rehabilitation, provides a rich perspective on criminal justice that contrasts with international approaches which emphasize human rights, due process, and equitable treatment. By investigating the intersections and divergences between these legal systems, this study seeks to propose a unified framework for criminal justice reform that incorporates elements from both perspectives. Key findings will address how integrating Islamic jurisprudence with international legal standards can address modern criminal justice challenges and enhance the overall efficacy and fairness of legal systems globally.
Sovereignty, International Law, and Islamic Governance: A Comparative Analysis
This paper explores the interplay between state sovereignty, international law, and Islamic governance, analyzing how these frameworks interact and sometimes conflict. It examines the principles of state sovereignty and their application within the context of international law, and contrasts these with the governance principles derived from Islamic jurisprudence. The study highlights key areas where Islamic governance intersects with international norms and assesses the implications for global legal frameworks and state practices. By providing a comparative analysis, this research aims to offer insights into how Islamic governance can be reconciled with international legal principles while preserving state sovereignty.
Cybersecurity and Islamic Law: Navigating the Challenges of the Digital Age
The rise of digital technologies has introduced new challenges in the realm of cybersecurity, necessitating a re-evaluation of traditional legal frameworks. This study explores the intersection of Islamic law and cybersecurity, aiming to understand how Islamic legal principles can address contemporary digital security issues. Islamic law, with its rich tradition of ethical guidelines and regulatory mechanisms, offers unique perspectives on protecting digital assets and ensuring cybersecurity. This paper examines the applicability of Islamic legal concepts such as *hudud* (prescribed punishments), *qisas* (retributive justice), and *ta'zir* (discretionary punishment) in the context of cybersecurity. By analyzing relevant literature and case studies, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive framework for integrating Islamic legal principles into modern cybersecurity practices, offering insights into how these principles can enhance digital security and address emerging threats.
Islamic Perspectives on Climate Change: Legal and Ethical Implications for International Law
This study explores the intersection of Islamic legal principles and international efforts to combat climate change, focusing on how Islamic jurisprudence can contribute to global environmental governance. Islamic teachings emphasize stewardship (khilafah), conservation (ihsan), and justice (adl), which are critical for addressing environmental challenges. The research examines Quranic injunctions, Hadith, and the principles of Sharia as they relate to environmental protection, assessing their potential to influence international climate policies. Through a comprehensive literature review and comparative analysis, this study aims to bridge the gap between Islamic ethical obligations and global environmental norms, providing a framework for integrating Islamic perspectives into international law. The findings suggest that Islamic legal principles offer valuable insights for enhancing global climate change mitigation strategies, promoting sustainability, and fostering a more just and equitable approach to environmental governance.
Islamic Criminal Law and International Justice: Balancing Tradition with Global Norms `
Islamic Criminal Law, rooted in Sharia, has been a source of both reverence and controversy in the global context. As the world increasingly embraces international criminal justice norms, the challenge of reconciling Islamic legal traditions with global standards has become more pronounced. This study explores the interaction between Islamic criminal law and international justice systems, focusing on areas of convergence and divergence. It examines the philosophical underpinnings of both systems, the practical implications of their coexistence, and the potential for harmonization in the context of human rights and global justice. By analyzing case studies, legal precedents, and scholarly debates, this research aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of how Islamic law can be integrated with international legal norms without compromising its core principles.
Environmental Stewardship in Islamic Jurisprudence: Legal Frameworks for the Future
Environmental stewardship is a crucial aspect of Islamic jurisprudence, emphasizing the ethical management of natural resources and the protection of the environment. This study explores the legal frameworks within Islamic jurisprudence that address environmental issues, focusing on principles derived from the Quran and Hadith. By examining historical interpretations and contemporary applications, this research highlights the alignment of Islamic environmental ethics with global sustainability goals. The study employs a qualitative approach, including literature review and case studies, to evaluate how Islamic legal principles can contribute to modern environmental policies. The findings suggest that Islamic jurisprudence offers a robust framework for environmental stewardship, with potential implications for future legal and policy developments in sustainable resource management.
The Role of Islamic Finance in Global Economic Stability and Security
Islamic finance, adhering to Sharia law, offers a unique alternative to conventional financial systems, emphasizing principles like risk-sharing, asset-backing, and ethical investing. This paper explores how Islamic finance contributes to global economic stability and security, investigating its role in mitigating financial crises and promoting sustainable development. By analyzing recent literature and case studies, the study highlights the strengths of Islamic finance in fostering resilience and inclusivity within the global financial system. The findings suggest that while Islamic finance presents promising benefits, its integration into the global economy requires addressing certain regulatory and operational challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms through which Islamic finance impacts economic stability and offers recommendations for future research and practice.
International Human Rights and Islamic Law: Reconciling Conflicts in a Globalized World
This study explores the reconciliation of international human rights norms with Islamic law in a globalized world. It investigates the points of conflict and convergence between international human rights standards and Islamic jurisprudence, focusing on how these frameworks can be harmonized to promote global justice while respecting cultural and religious differences. Through a review of existing literature and case studies, the research identifies key areas where conflicts arise and proposes strategies for integrating Islamic legal principles with international human rights obligations. The study aims to contribute to the development of a more inclusive and culturally sensitive approach to human rights that respects both global standards and Islamic values.
Islamic Legal Principles and Global Environmental Governance: A Pathway to Sustainable Development
This article explores the intersection of Islamic legal principles and global environmental governance, highlighting how Islamic jurisprudence can contribute to sustainable development. Islamic law, or Shariah, emphasizes the stewardship of the earth (khalifah) and the ethical use of natural resources (amana), aligning closely with contemporary environmental sustainability goals. The article examines key Islamic legal concepts such as hisbah (accountability), haram (prohibition of harm), and mizan (balance), and their relevance to global environmental challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion. By integrating Islamic legal principles with international environmental governance frameworks, the article proposes a holistic approach to achieving sustainability. This approach not only respects religious and cultural values but also enhances the effectiveness of global environmental policies. The article concludes by advocating for greater inclusion of Islamic legal perspectives in international environmental law, suggesting that such integration could foster more equitable and culturally sensitive solutions to global environmental crises.